MDAI

Description

MDAI (5,6-methylenedioxy-2-aminoindane), although a chemically different type of compound (aminoindane, not amphetamine) produces similar effects to MDMA (ecstasy). It was produced in the 1990s at Purdue University by David Nichols with the aim of creating a drug that was less toxic than other types in the amphetamine group (e.g. MDMA or MDA) to be used as an anti-depressant or appetite suppressant.

Recreational use appears to have started in europe around 2007, increasing after 2009 and

Was widely marketed online and in head shops as legal alternative.Until recently there was almost no information other than peer reports on MDAI in humans. In 2023 a small study found oral dose of about 3mg/kg (180-228mg) was well tolerated and produced subjective effects comparable to 125mg of MDMA. Blood pressure rose to a similar degree as MDMA but heart rate and body temperature did not rise. This was a very small study (6 health volunteers, non blinded- no placebo) and should not be used to show how MDAI behaves across the general population, in different doses or in combination.

Pharmacology

Methylenedioxy-2-aminoindane (MDAI) is a drug originally synthesised by the American pharmacologist and medicinal chemist, David E. Nichols during the 1990s at Purdue University..

MDAI is derived from the drug -3, 4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) and is a conformationally restricted analogue with the side chain cyclised back onto the aromatic ring. This change makes it structurally different from amphetamines like MDA and alters its pharmacology substantially.

MDAI has been shown to strongly stimulate the release of the neurotransmitter serotonin in research models while also stimulating the release of noradrenaline, with weaker effects on dopamine. MDAI is also a reuptake inhibitor of these neurotransmitters. The extent to which MDAI stimulates serotonin release is comparable to that seen with MDA but less than is seen with 3, 4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine (MDMA).

In humans, MDAI has been shown to produce heightened feelings of empathy, love and emotional closeness with others. Drugs producing these effects are known as entactogens (or empathogens) and in addition to MDAI, include MDMA and related ‘MDxx’ drugs.

In contrast to many similar drugs, MDAI has been found to be largely non-stimulating and has so far proven to cause neurotoxicity when taken without other drugs. Reliable data concerning toxic effects on the heart (a known problem with many amphetamine and amphetamine-like drugs) has yet to be gathered for MDAI. In animal studies MDAI has not shown the serotonin nerve cell damage associated with MDMA and MDA. This should not be taken to mean it is safe and MDAI has been implicated in deaths in the UK when taken in combination. ).

Subjective user reports have indicated that mild pharmacological effects are seen at doses between 150mg-250mg, with significant effects above this. However, factors such as a user’s weight, previous usage and metabolism are just some variables that would determine an individual’s response to MDAI.

Harm Reduction

MDAI can be fast acting and powerful, so it’s important to know your own limits; if you’re new to it, start with small doses until you find your tolerance. If you don’t feel the effects immediately, don’t redose, wait at least an hour before taking any more.

• It can interact with other substances (particularly alcohol) so try not to use anything else at the same time
• If snorting, clean out your nose after use and do not share snorting equipment
• Try to use with friends (but remember that sharing can be considered supply) or at the very least make sure someone you trust knows where you are and can get help if necessary.
• Watch for signs of stimulant overdose (very hot, confusion, rapid heartbeat, muscle stiffness, twitching, or agitation) and seek urgent medical help if these occur. Take breaks from dancing, keep cool and sip water.
• People with heart problems or hypertension should be cautious as it is known to raise blood pressure

History

MDAI was first investigated in the 1990s at Purdue University by David E. Nichols, as part of research into non-neurotoxic analogues of MDA. For two decades there was little history with the drug and recreational use appears to have started around 2007.

Law

• Not controlled under the Misuse of Drugs Act.
• Controlled under the Psychoactive Substances Act 2016. Under the Act, possession for personal use is not an offence, but the following activities are:
  • Production (including for personal use);
  • Supply or offering to supply;
  • Aggravated supply or offering to supply (near schools, prisons etc. or using someone under 18 as a courier);
  • Possession with intent to supply;
  • Importation;
  • Exportation;
  • Possession in prisons (and other custodial institutions).
• More detailed information on the Act can be found here.
• For all offences, the prosecution will have to prove that a substance is psychoactive.